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serbe vers anglais: ОДНОС ПОСЛАНИКА И ПОЛИТИЧКИХ СТРАНАКА General field: Sciences sociales Detailed field: Gouvernement / politique
Texte source - serbe ОДНОС ПОСЛАНИКА И ПОЛИТИЧКИХ СТРАНАКА
У овом раду је учињен покушај да се представи једна од најзначајнијих противуречности савременог парламентаризма у државама које имају пропорционални изборни систем. То је противуречност која почива на тространом односу: бирач, посланик и политичка странка на чијој листи је посланик биран. Са једне стране једно лице, самостално, ван политичке странке, њеног страначког механизма и логистичких капацитњета, нема могућност да буде изабрано у парламент, а на другој страни, када таквом лицу посланички мандат буде додељен вољом политичке странке, оно кроз слободни мандат стиче и слободу да се удаљи од своје политичке странке, шта више, да је напусти и прикључи се некој другој политичкој опцији.
У раду је са друге стране приказано да таква појава у значајној мери повређује и деформише начело грађанске суверености с обзиром на то да у сувереној вољи бирача израженој на изборима у најзначајнијој мери учествују политичке странке.
Кључне речи: грађанин – суверен, воља бирача, посланик, слободни мандат, политичка странка, парламентаризам, бланко оставка, Устав, посланички мандат.
Traduction - anglais THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT AND POLITICAL PARTIES
In this paper an attempt has been made to present one of the most prominent contradictions of the contemporary parliamentarianism in states which have a proportional voting system. This contradiction stems from the three-fold relationship between: a voter, a member of parliament (MP) and a political party from whose electoral list the MP is elected. On the one hand, a person does not have the possibility to be elected in the parliament if acting independently, outside the political party and its party mechanisms and logistical capacities. On the other hand, after being appointed the parliamentary term as a result of the party’s will, the person attains the freedom, through their free term of office, to distance themselves from their political party, and even to leave it and join another political option.
The paper also shows that this phenomenon significantly affects and deforms the principle of citizens’ sovereignty, given that it is the political parties which have the major impact on the voters’ sovereign will expressed at the elections.
Key terms: citizen – sovereign, voters’ will, a member of parliament (MP), free term of office, political party, parliamentarianism, blank resignation, the Constitution, parliamentary term.
anglais vers serbe: Language Acquisition General field: Sciences Detailed field: Psychologie
Texte source - anglais The Linguistic Perspective
Noam Chomsky (1980, 1986) and other linguists emphasize the structures that all languages share, those syntactic regularities that the young language learner quickly identifies in the course of everyday exposure to speech, such as when the child learning English notices that nouns representing agents precede verbs and nouns representing the objects of actions follow verbs. According to Chomsky, children possess an innate system of language categories and principles, called universal grammar, that predisposes them to notice the general linguistic properties of any language. As children are exposed to a specific language, a process called parameter setting takes place; that is, “switches” for the grammatical rules that distinguish English from Japanese or Arabic from French are set. After abstracting the general rules of language learning, children apply them to form their own novel and creative utterances. Language learning, say most ilnguists, is different from other forms of learning; there are constraints on what the child will be predisposed to learn, and language learning is governed by its own sset of principles. In other words, language learning is modular, separate and distinct from other kinds of processing. Furthermore, many linguists believe language is a uniquely human enterprise, one that is not part of the behavioral repertoire of other species.
Research evidence generally supports the idea that learning and applying rules is part of the process of learning language. Children learn syntactic rules for forming plurals, past tense, and other grammatical forms rapidly in their first five years and can even apply them to words they have never heard before. In a famous experiment, Jean Berko (1958) demonstrated this phenomenon by presenting children with several nonsense words such as wug. Children were able to state correctly that the plural form of wug is wugs, although they had never heard made-up words such as these.
Traduction - serbe Lingvistički pristup
Noam Čomski (1980, 1986) i drugi lingvisti pridaju veliki značaj strukturama zajedničkim za sve jezike, onim sintaksičkim pravilnostima koje dete brzo uočava tokom svakodnevne izloženosti govoru dok uči jezik. Tako, na primer, dete koje uči engleski uočava da imenice koje su agenti prethode glagolima, a imenice koje su objekti radnje slede nakon glagola. Prema Čomskom, deca poseduju urođeni jezički sistem kategorija i principa, zvani univerzalna gramatika, koji im omogućava da opažaju opšta lingvistička svojstva bilo kog jezika. Kako su deca izložena određenom jeziku, odvija se proces podešavanja parametara, odnosno aktiviraju se „prekidači“ za gramatička pravila po kojima se engleski razlikuje od japanskog ili arapski od francuskog. Nakon što apstrahuju opšta pravila jezika, deca ih primenjuju da bi kreirala sopstvene nove i kreativne iskaze. Mnogi lingvisti tvrde da se učenje jezika, koje je ustrojeno svojim posebnim principima, razlikuje od ostalih vidova učenja jer postoje zapreke u detetovoj predisponiranosti za učenje jezika. Drugim rečima, učenje jezika je modularno, izdvojeno i različito od drugih vrsta obrada podataka. Takođe, mnogi lingvisti veruju da je jezik isključivo ljudsko svojstvo, ono koje nije deo biheviorističkog repertoara drugih vrsta.
Rezultati istraživanja uglavnom potkrepljuju ideju da su učenje i primena pravila sastavni deo procesa učenja jezika. Tokom prvih pet godina deca veoma brzo nauče sintaksička pravila za građenje množine, prošlog vremena i drugih gramatičkih oblika, i čak znaju da ih primene na rečima koje do tada nikada nisu čuli. U čuvenom eksperimentu na engleskom govornom području, Džin Berko (1958) je demonstrirala tu pojavu tako što je deci predstavila nekoliko nepostojećih reči, kao što je vag (wug). Deca su znala da kažu oblik za množinu (wugs) iako nikada pre nisu čuli te izmišljene reči.
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Bachelor's degree - Faculty of Philosophy
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Années d'expérience en traduction : 16. Inscrit à ProZ.com : Jan 2009.
serbe vers anglais (Faculty of Philosophy, English Language Department) français vers serbe (Faculty of Philosophy, English Language Department) anglais vers serbe (Faculty of Philosophy, English Language Department)
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