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Año tras año —algunas cepas llegan a los cincuenta años y más en buen estado— la vid sigue su inexorable ciclo biológico.
En invierno se despoja de su follaje. Los sarmientos se dibujan sobre el frío cielo; sus bien alineadas filas son hermosas y estilizadas. Parecen perderse en el horizonte. Cualquier pintor sucumbirá a su encanto y tratará de plasmar con sus pinceles este bucólico y triste paisaje. A veces, la nieve cubre los viñedos de la montaña con un manto de blanca pureza. Es la época del reposo. Con sus funciones vitales reducidas al mínimo, la vid descansa adormecida.
En febrero, la poda vigoriza los sarmientos. Mediante una ancestral técnica, el agricultor experto eliminará los más débiles, los más rastreros. La viña recién podada parece como si apuntara al cielo, mientras espera la llegada de la primavera.
En abril, con los primeros calores, la savia circula de nuevo. Todo se pone en movimiento en el complicado laboratorio vegetal. Brotan tímidamente las primeras hojas. Pronto las flores de la viña —de encantador perfume— se abrirán tentadoras.
Su misión es fundamental: deben ser fecundadas. La sexualidad es también aquí imperativa para que la vida pueda continuar. La flor de la vid por medio de su perfume y de su atractiva forma deberá captar a los insectos (abejas, avispas, etc.) que depositarán en su interior el polen fecundador. Los insectos, y a veces el viento, tienen, pues, la misión de transportar el polen a las flores que esperan ser fecundadas. Inmediatamente se iniciará la formación del fruto.
En julio, los primeros racimos, frágiles y delicados, hacen su aparición. Si la naturaleza es favorable y la climatología acompaña, irán creciendo, madurando lentamente bajo el sol. Desde primeros de agosto, con la llegada del «envero», los racimos adquirirán su color definitivo.
Finalmente, en octubre, con la vendimia, entre alegres canciones y alborozado trabajar, las uvas serán recogidas y trasladadas a la bodega.
La viña se cubre entonces de colores cobre y magenta. En los largos atardeceres otoñales adquiere tonalidades delicadamente sublimes. Un año más, la vid ha ido cumpliendo su misión y se prepara para el descanso invernal. Desde hace miles de años, el ritual ha permanecido invariable.
La creación de un viñedo
La plantación de un nuevo viñedo debe hacerse siempre en terrenos aptos, desinfectados y exentos de virus. En efecto, las raíces de la vid están especialmente expuestas a enfermedades causadas por virus o bien por hongos que provocan la degeneración infecciosa y también enfermedades criptogámicas. Como consecuencia, las raíces se pudren y la planta muere.
Hacia el mes de enero se inicia la preparación del terreno: labrar en profundidad, desinfección, etc.
Antiguamente, un trozo de sarmiento, introducido en el suelo, era el método de plantación utilizado.
Este sarmiento, perteneciente a la variedad local de Vitis vinifera (vid que produce vino) arraigaba en el terreno, emitía raíces y al cabo de tres años rendía su primera cosecha.
Pero a finales del siglo XIX, una terrible epidemia asoló la viña a través de toda Europa. Conocido con el nombre de Phylloxera vastatrix (Filoxera devastadora), este pequeño insecto arrasó todos los viñedos de la época.*
Al alimentarse en las raíces de la cepa, fueron inútiles todos los tratamientos conocidos en la época para lograr el exterminio. Tan sólo los viñedos situados cerca del mar —la filoxera detesta los suelos arenosos— y aquellos que puedan inundarse durante el invierno, ahogando así al insecto, pudieron ser preservados.
En la actualidad extensas zonas de Australia y casi toda la isla de Chipre han podido ser preservadas de la filoxera; y sólo un país, Chile, posiblemente gracias a sus formidables fronteras naturales, está absolutamente exento de la plaga.
El injerto de la vid
Pero el hombre, enfrentado a semejante catástrofe, supo hallar una fórmula que permitió continuar el cultivo de la vid.
Se investigó el origen de la filoxera —antes desconocida en Europa— y se constató que procedía de América. Expertos viticultores de aquel tiempo se trasladaron a México y Estados Unidos y observaron que la vid salvaje americana, de una familia distinta a la Vitis vinifera, soportaba perfectamente la convivencia con la temible filoxera.
La investigación prosiguió y finalmente pudo obtenerse una conclusión práctica: las vides americanas —que ya existían en el continente antes de la llegada de Cristóbal Colón—, debido a su crecimiento en estado salvaje, poseían unas raíces más duras y reforzadas, capaces de resistir con éxito las mordeduras del insecto.
Aquellos prácticos experimentadores, apurados por la gravísima situación por la que atravesaba la vid en Europa, propusieron al atribulado viticultor europeo la siguiente fórmula: injertar la Vitis vinifera local sobre un pie de vid americana, previamente adaptado al terreno.
Desde entonces el injerto de la vid es práctica obligada en todos los viñedos europeos. La calidad del fruto no resulta alterada en absoluto. Y, todavía hoy, no ha podido hallarse un sistema más eficaz y económico para combatir la filoxera.
El injerto se realiza al año siguiente de la plantación de la vid americana o portainjertos y la producción de uva no tendrá lugar sino hasta transcurridos dos o tres años después de la operación.
Traduction - anglais The cycle of the vine
Year after year - and some varieties attain fifty years of age or more while still remaining in good health - the vine pursues its relentless biological cycle.
In the winter it loses its foliage. The vine shoots are outlined against the cold sky; their carefully aligned rows are stylized and starkly beautiful, seeming to disappear into the distant horizon. Any painter worthy of the name will succumb to their charm and will try to immortalize with his brush-strokes this bucolic and melancholy landscape. Sometimes the snow covers mountain vineyards with a mantle of pure whiteness. This is the time of rest. Its vital functions reduced to a minimum, the vine reposes in a deep slumber.
In February, pruning reinvigorates the shoots. Following an ancestral technique, the expert vine-grower will eliminate the weakest shoots, the stragglers. The newly-pruned vine seems to be pointing to the sky, as it awaits the arrival of spring.
In April, with the first signs of warmth, the sap starts to circulate again. Everything starts to move in this complex vegetable laboratory. The first leaves start to appear timidly. Soon the flowers of the vine will open, so tempting with their bewitching scent.
Their mission is vital: they must be pollinated. Here also sexuality is essential for life to be able to continue. Through its scent and its attractive form, the flower of the vine will need to captivate insects (bees, wasps, etc.) so that they will leave their fertilizing pollen in its interior. So it is insects, and sometimes the wind, that have the mission of transporting the pollen to the flowers that are waiting to be fertilized. The formation of the fruit will then immediately begin.
In July the first bunches of grapes, fragile and delicate, make their appearance. If Nature is kind and the climate permits, they will continue to grow, ripening slowly in the sun. From early August onwards, the grapes take on the colour of the ripe fruit, and acquire their definitive hue.
Finally, in October, comes the time of the grape-harvest when, between happy songs and joyous labour, the grapes will be picked and transported to the wine-cellars.
Then the colours of the vineyard turn to copper and magenta. In the long autumn evenings it acquires sublime and delicate tones. Another year has passed, and the vine has completed its mission and is preparing itself for its winter rest. Thus is the ritual which has remained immutable for thousands of years.
The creation of a vineyard
The planting of a new vineyard must always take place on suitable terrain that has been disinfected and is exempt of viruses. The roots of vines are in fact particularly susceptible to diseases caused either by viruses or by fungi which can lead to infectious degeneration and also to cryptogrammic diseases. As a result, the roots rot away and the plant dies.
It is in January or thereabouts that the preparation of the terrain begins, involving in-depth ploughing, disinfection, and so on.
Formerly, the method of planting used was to introduce a piece of vine-shoot into the soil.
This shoot, which would belong to the local variety of Vitis vinifera (i.e., the vine that produces wine), would take root in the soil, would send out roots and after three years would give its first harvest of grapes.
However, at the end of the 19th century a terrible epidemic attacked vines all over Europe. A small insect known by the name of Phylloxera vastatrix (“phylloxera the devastator”) quite simply destroyed all the vineyards of the day.*
It fed off the roots of the vines, and all the treatments known at the time were powerless to bring about its extermination. The only vineyards which were able to be saved were those located near the sea (phylloxera hates sandy soils), and those which could be flooded during the winter, thus drowning the insect.
At the present day, extensive areas of Australia and nearly all the island of Cyprus have been protected against phylloxera, but only one country, Chile, has remained completely untouched by this pest, possibly thanks to its formidable natural frontiers.
The vine graft
Man, however, when faced by a catastrophe of this magnitude, was able to find a formula which made it possible to continue to cultivate the vine.
Research was conducted into the origins of phylloxera (which up to that time had been unknown in Europe), and it was concluded that it originated from the Americas. Expert viticulturists of the day visited Mexico and the U.S., and observed that the wild American vine, which originated from a different family of vines from Vitis vinifera, was perfectly capable of co-existing with the redoubtable phylloxera.
Research continued, and a practical solution was finally found. This was based on the fact that the American vines (which already existed in that continent before the arrival of Christopher Columbus), due to their growth in the wild, possessed very hard and reinforced roots which were capable of successfully resisting the bites of the insect concerned.
Those eminently practical experimenters, deeply concerned about the extremely serious predicament affecting the vine in Europe, proposed the following formula to the continent’s troubled vine-growers: to graft the local variety of Vitis vinifera onto an American rootstock that had been previously adapted to the local terrain.
Since that time the grafting of vines has been practically an obligation in all European vineyards. The quality of the grapes does not suffer at all from this process, and to this day nobody has been able to find a more efficient and cheaper system to fight against phylloxera.
The graft takes place the year after the planting of the American vine or rootstock, and the production of grapes will only begin two or three years after this operation has been carried out.
français vers anglais: Regional Perspectives
Texte source - français La coopération décentralisée dans la Méditerranée : perspectives pour la période 2007-2013
Les éléments clé de la période 2007-20013
Les enjeux de la coopération territoriale en Méditerranée sont davantage lisibles en cette année 2006 en raison de la concomitance de plusieurs évènements :
L’adoption des perspectives financières. L’accord du 16 décembre 2005 offre enfin un horizon durable aux acteurs territoriaux, même si les ambitions initiales de la Commission Européenne en faveur de l’objectif 3 « coopération territoriale » ont été largement revues à la baisse. Néanmoins, la coopération nord/nord en Méditerranée devrait disposer d’un budget similaire à celui de la période 2000-2006 avec la perspective de travailler au sein d’un espace méditerranéen unifié. Le volet transnational continuera de bénéficier d’environ 1,4 milliards d’euros de cofinancement communautaire à un taux de 75% pour l’ensemble des porteurs de projet. Les négociations sur les périmètres des futurs espaces Interreg 2007-2013 sont désormais à peu près closes. La Méditerranée est l’une des zones qui va connaître le plus grand changement par rapport à la période précédente. Le futur espace regroupera en effet les espaces « Méditerranée occidentale » et « Archimed » de la période actuelle et engloberont en plus la quasi-totalité des régions italiennes ainsi que la Slovénie. Au total 8 pays de l’UE25 seront concernés : Portugal, Espagne, France, Italie, Slovénie, Malte, Grèce et Chypre, sachant que la Turquie pourrait s’y joindre au titre de l’instrument de Pré adhésion. Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne la coopération nord-sud, une partie du volet transfrontalier a d’ores et déjà été réservé pour le co-financement de la politique de voisinage (environ 25% de l’enveloppe coopération transfrontalière) soit environ 1,5 milliards d’Euros. Cette somme devrait sans doute être abondée pour des montants similaires par la rubrique 4 du budget (relations extérieures) pour s’appliquer non seulement à la coopération bilatérale mais également à la coopération par bassin maritime, notamment dans le contexte euro méditerranéen
Le sommet de Barcelone a donné lieu à une forte mobilisation des acteurs régionaux et locaux, démontrant leur forte mobilisation en faveur de la coopération décentralisée dans le bassin méditerranéen. Elle fait ainsi échos aux ouvertures dont ont fait preuve les ministres des affaires étrangères du partenariat euro méditerranéen réunis en juin 2005 sous présidence luxembourgeoise de l’UE.
La Commission Européenne dispose désormais de davantage de lisibilité pour donner corps au volet transfrontalier de l’instrument de voisinage. Le règlement de l’Instrument européen de voisinage et de partenariat (IEVP) a désormais fixé les règles d’éligibilité pour la coopération transfrontalière bilatérale et pour la coopération par bassin maritime qui permettra d’impliquer l’ensemble des partenaires régionaux et locaux et offrira ainsi un véritable outil pour la coopération décentralisée en Méditerranée.
En parallèle, la Commission Européenne a adopté le 25 janvier 2006 un certain nombre de programmes relatifs à la coopération externe de l’UE en lien avec les pays ACP et les voisins de l’UE. La dimension régionale et locale y est constamment présente, notamment dans le cadre du règlement thématique « Les acteurs non étatiques et les autorités locales dans le développement ». La reconnaissance du rôle des collectivités régionales et locales dans les partenariats externes de l’UE commence à devenir enfin réalité après plusieurs années de flottement.
Les opportunités à saisir pour mettre en œuvre une véritable coopération décentralisée en Méditerranée
Un certain nombre d’interrogations pèsent encore toutefois sur la mise en œuvre des futurs programmes, au premier rang desquelles le lien entre les suites d’Interreg au nord et le volet coopération nord-sud et sud-sud de la politique de voisinage.
L’architecture administrative et financière qui sera mise en place jouera un grand rôle dans la réussite future des programmes. Le bon sens voudrait qu’un système similaire à celui mis en place en Baltique sur la période 2000-2006 puisse être mis rapidement en oeuvre. Rappelons qu’en Baltique les crédits FEDER, PHARE et TACIS étaient gérés par la même équipe dans les secrétariats communs de Rostock (Allemagne) et de Karlskrona (Suède), permettant ainsi de capitaliser les compétences et de dépasser les éléments de friction inhérents aux contraintes spécifiques de chaque instrument financier. Afin d’éviter tout retard dans le démarrage effectif des programmes, il serait souhaitable que certaines options de localisation et de format du futur secrétariat puissent être adoptées au plus vite. Les expériences passées nous ont montré que les espaces méditerranéens avaient régulièrement pris du retard dans ce domaine. Les attentes suscitées par le nouveau programme de voisinage ne peuvent se permettre de connaître un tel retard qui dans le passé a atteint parfois plus de 18 mois. La reconduction de telles conditions de mise en œuvre pourrait s’avérer rédhibitoire lorsqu’il s’agira en 2008/2009 de réfléchir à la future structure du budget de l’Union. Le caractère novateur du futur dispositif implique d’anticiper encore davantage la complexité de la mise en œuvre.
La stratégie et les priorités futures du programme « Méditerranée » nord-nord
On connaît d’ores et déjà les intentions de la DG Regio en ce qui concerne les principales priorités de l’espace Méditerranée ; il appartient au partenariat Etat Région d’en peaufiner les derniers contours avant de passer à la phase opérationnelle. On sait ainsi que la gestion des risques, la gestion de l’eau, la sécurité maritime et la compétitivité régionale à l’échelle transnationale feront partie des priorités de la coopération nord-nord. Il convient de rappeler que le passage d’une initiative communautaire (Interreg IIIb) au Mainstream de la politique régionale (objectif 3) va renforcer la capacité de la commission à encadrer les priorités stratégiques de l’espace.
Quelle stratégie pour les programmes nord-sud ?
Tout reste à faire quant à la définition des priorités de la coopération dans le cadre du futur instrument de voisinage qui seront forcément différentes que dans leur dimension nord/nord. Les difficultés de gestion de montage juridique et financier vont certainement entraîner un découplage total entre les deux programmes nord-nord et nord-sud. Si on peut le regretter, il est cependant certain que la dimension nord sud intégrera davantage les actions « people to people » alors que la coopération nord/nord se préoccupera davantage de projets structurants dans le cadre de l’UE. La question reste cependant posée de la capacité à manager au cas par cas quelques projets structurants nord-sud impliquant de manière coordonnée Etats et autorités régionales et locales au regard d’un panel très large de situations institutionnelles. Pour cela il conviendra de s’assurer de la réelle volonté des états du sud d’intégrer la dimension coopération décentralisée dans les plans d’action signés avec l’Union Européenne.
Les nouvelles opportunités partenariales à saisir
La réunion qui s’est tenue entre villes et régions à l’occasion du sommet de Barcelone le 26 novembre dernier a aboutit pour la première fois à une déclaration commune de l’ensemble des partenaires présents. Face aux enjeux et à la complexité des partenariats à imaginer avec les collectivités régionales et locales du sud de la Méditerranée, plusieurs éléments nouveaux sont apparus :
La nécessité d’éviter la fragmentation des coopérations et de focaliser les efforts sur quelques objectifs précis associant les partenaires de manière beaucoup plus étroite que par le passé ;
Dépasser les différences institutionnelles existant entre les états en associant dans les projets de coopération les niveaux déconcentrés des Etats au sud, les régions, les départements/provinces et les villes. Il existe un véritable besoin de capitaliser et d’organiser les initiatives en jouant davantage sur les complémentarités et les synergies que par le passé. De ce constat, naît une volonté partagée dans plusieurs régions d’organiser de manière plus structurée cette coopération entre organisations notamment à travers les réseaux existants. On citera notamment :
- L’action des villes à travers le réseau méditerranéen d’Eurocities (Med-Cités) et les Cités et Gouvernements Locaux Unis (CGLU);
- L’action des départements/provinces à travers le réseau Arc Latin;
- L’action des régions à travers la CRPM et sa Commission Inter méditerranéenne.
Il y aura certainement lieu d’approfondir les opportunités et les modes de collaboration entre ces différents réseaux afin notamment de créer une forme de pôle d’expertise en réseau dont les contours restent à définir. Ses missions pourraient être notamment de travailler sur les méthodologies de la coopération et l’adéquation de l’offre et de la demande de coopération en fonction des compétences et priorités de chacun. Plusieurs pistes ouvertes peuvent être aujourd’hui évoquées. La plus urgente consiste à mobiliser l’ensemble des acteurs en faveur d’une mise en œuvre structurée et efficace de cette coopération.
Traduction - anglais Decentralized cooperation in the Mediterranean: outlook for the period 2007-2013
The key factors for the period 2007-2013
The outlook for territorial cooperation in the Mediterranean is easier to predict for the year 2006, due to a combination of several different factors:
The approval of financial provisions. The agreement of December 16th, 2005 at last gives the different regional participants a durable framework within which to operate, even if the European Commission's original aspirations to work towards Objective 3 ("territorial cooperation") have been significantly reduced in scope. Nevertheless, inter-regional cooperation on the northern shore of the Mediterranean should benefit from a budget similar to that allocated for the period 2000-2006 with the prospect of operating within a unified Mediterranean context. Transnational projects will continue to benefit from about 1.4 thousand million euros of Community co-financing at a level of 75% for all participants across the board. Negotiations to designate the boundaries for the future Interreg areas for 2007-2013 are now more or less completed. The Mediterranean is one of the zones which will see most changes compared to the previous period. The new zone will in fact join up the existing "Western Mediterranean" and "Archimed" zones, and will also include nearly all the Italian regions, as well as Slovenia. In total, 8 of the existing 25 EU countries will be concerned: Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Malta, Greece and Cyprus with the possibility that Turkey could be included under the terms of its Pre-Accession instrument. Furthermore, in relation to cooperation between the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean, part of the cross-frontier package has already been earmarked for co-financing the policy towards neighbouring countries (about 25% of the total available for cross-frontier cooperation), equivalent to about 1.5 thousand million euros. To this sum it will no doubt be possible to add similar amounts under section 4 of the budget ("external relations"), in order to cover not only bilateral cooperation, but also cooperation for a whole maritime basin, with particular reference to the Euro Mediterranean context.
The Barcelona summit has given rise to a vigorous mobilization of those participating in regional and local initiatives, and this vigorous mobilization has in particular manifested itself in favour of decentralized cooperation in the Mediterranean basin. It reflects the sentiments evoked by the foreign affairs ministers of the Euro Mediterranean Partnership when they met in June 2005 under Luxembourg's presidency of the EU.
The European Commission is now better equipped to measure the requirements of the cross-frontier package within the framework of the neighbourhood policy instrument. The regulations of the European neighbourhood and partnership instrument (ENPI) have now established the rules of eligibility for bilateral cross-frontier cooperation and also for cooperation on the basis of a whole maritime basin, which will make it possible to involve all entities participating in regional and local initiatives, and will thus provide a real tool for decentralized cooperation in the Mediterranean.
At the same time, the European Commission approved on January 25th, 2006 a number of programmes relating to the EU's external cooperation with the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) states and with the EU's neighbouring countries. The regional and local dimension is a constant feature, particularly in relation to the guidelines on the subject: "The role of non-governmental participants and local authorities in aiding development". Recognition of the role that regional and local authorities have to play in the external partnerships of the EU is finally starting to become a reality after several years of uncertainty.
The opportunities which need to be seized if we really wish to implement decentralized cooperation in the Mediterranean
A certain number of questions nevertheless still need to be answered regarding the establishment of future programmes, not least of which is the relationship between the continuing Interreg system on the northern shore, and the packages of north/south and south/south cooperation intended to be implemented in the context of EU policy towards neighbouring countries.
The nature of the administrative and financial structures which are to be set up will have a major influence on the future success of these programmes. Common sense would call for the rapid establishment of a system similar to the one set up in the Baltic over the period 2000-2006. It should be remembered that, in the case of the Baltic programme, the FEDER, PHARE and TACIS credits were administered by the same team in the offices of shared secretariats at Rostock (Germany) and at Karlskrona (Sweden), thus making the best use of the different skills available and avoiding possible elements of friction that could be caused by the specific constraints inherent in the implementation of any financial package. In order to avoid any operational delays in setting up programmes, it would be preferable to make a certain number of choices with regard to the location and structure of the future secretariat as soon as possible. Past experiences show that Mediterranean projects have regularly suffered delays in this respect. With the expectations created by the adoption of the new policy towards neighbouring countries, it is not acceptable to envisage the type of delay that has occurred in the past, sometimes amounting to more than 18 months. The recurrence of a similar situation during the setting-up of a programme could have dire consequences when it comes to considering the future budget provisions for the European Union in 2008/2009. The innovatory nature of the future project means that it is even more important to anticipate the complex problems that will be involved in setting it up.
The strategy and future priorities to be followed in the context of north/north cooperation projects within the "Mediterranean" programme
The Directorate General for Regional Policy's main priorities for the Mediterranean zone are already known; it is for the national and regional partnerships to outline the final details before entering the operational phase. In this way we know that the priorities for north/north cooperation will include risk management, control of water resources, responsibility for safety at sea, and responsibility for regional competition on a transnational scale. It should be remembered that the transition from a Community initiative (Interreg IIIb) to Mainstream regional policy (Objective 3) will reinforce the Commission's ability to fix the strategic priorities for the programme.
What should be the strategy for north/south cooperation programmes?
The definition of priorities for cooperation within the framework of the future EU instrument of policy towards neighbouring countries will inevitably be different from that applied in the north/north context, and is still to be decided. The problems of establishing a viable legal and financial framework will inevitably lead to a complete separation of the north/north and north/south programmes. Regrettable as this may be, it is nonetheless a certainty that the north/south programme will include more "people to people" projects, whilst north/north cooperation will deal more with structural projects within the framework of the EU. It remains to be seen whether it will be possible to manage, on a case-by-case basis and in a coordinated way, a number of north/south structural projects involving national and regional authorities in a very wide variety of institutional contexts. To be able to achieve this we will need to be sure of the real desire of countries on the southern shore of the Mediterranean to participate in projects agreed with the European Union in a spirit of decentralized cooperation.
New partnership opportunities to be seized
The meeting between cities and regions held during the Barcelona summit on November 26th, 2005 led for the first time to a common declaration made by all partners present. In view of the challenges to be faced and the complexity of the partnerships which can be envisaged between regional and local authorities on the southern shore of the Mediterranean, several new factors have emerged:
The need to make sure that the spirit of cooperation does not become dispersed, and that efforts are focused on precise objectives which involve the partners in a much closer collaboration than in the past;
The need to overcome the institutional barriers existing between countries, by bringing together in the cooperation projects the decentralized levels of administration of the countries on the southern shore: the regions, the departments/provinces, and the cities. There is a real need to organize and benefit from projects by stressing much more than in the past the complimentary nature of partners and the synergies existing between them. In this way there emerges in different regions a common desire to organize cooperation between entities in a more structured fashion, particularly through existing channels. The following examples are noteworthy:
- Cooperation between cities through the Mediterranean network of Eurocities (Med-Cities) and United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG);
- Cooperation between provinces/provinces through the Arco Latino network;
- Cooperation between regions through the CPMR and its Inter-Mediterranean Commission.
There will certainly be every good reason to develop the appropriate opportunities and methods to collaborate between these different networks, with the overriding aim of creating a type of network skill-bank, the frame of reference of which remains to be defined. Its main role could be to focus on the methodology for setting up cooperation projects, and the matching up of supply and demand for services according to the skills and priorities of each partner. Various possible initiatives which could be undertaken can be mentioned at the present moment. The most pressing need would be to mobilize all potential participants so as to establish cooperation in a structured and effective manner.
catalan vers anglais: Technological Developments
Texte source - catalan La jornada Solucions Tecnològiques a l’abast de les Pimes afavoreix la transferència tecnològica
Tindrà lloc el dilluns 13 d’octubre al Parc Tecnològic del Vallès
El proper dilluns, 13 d’octubre tindrà lloc la jornada Solucions Tecnològiques a l’abast de les Pimes, organitzada per la Fundació Catalana per a la Recerca i la Innovació, el Parc Tecnològic del Vallès i ACC1Ó Cidem / Copca, amb el suport de la Federació Empresarial Catalana del Sector Químic (Fedequim). El fòrum té com a principal objectiu posar a l’abast de les empreses la innovació tecnològica que es fa en centres de recerca catalans en el sector de la química sostenible.
Sis d’aquests centres presentaran les noves tecnologies que han desenvolupat i que tenen aplicacions pràctiques en l’àmbit empresarial. Entre aquests projectes, destaquen les centrats en l’obtenció de nous materials micro i nanoestucturals, l’ús de CO2 supercrític per a la formació de partícules, les ceràmiques toves o les noves aplicacions de la glicerina. La presentació d’aquests casos reals anirà acompanyada d’un debat en profunditat sobre les relacions entre universitat i empresa i també s’exploraran noves formes de col•laboració, com l’externalització de la R D I de les empreses cap a centres de recerca públics i privats.
Aquesta és la quarta edició de la jornada Solucions tecnològiques a l’abast de les Pimes, que vol erigir-se com un fòrum de debat i comunicació entre el món de la recerca i el de l’empresa per fomentar la transferència tecnològica.
http://www.fcr.es/
Científics de Barcelona participen en la identificació d’un paràsit portador de la malària
Aquest estudi d’un grup internacional serà portada a la revista "Nature"
Científics del Centre d’Investigació en Salut Internacional de Barcelona han participat en la recerca duta a terme per un grup internacional que ha aconseguit desxifrar el genoma del paràsit portador de la malària. Es tracta del Plasmodium Vivax, un dels quatre que poden transmetre aquesta malaltia, i que havia estat oblidat per la ciència al no ser letal la varietat de la malària que transmet. A pesar d’això, aquest paràsit és altament infecciós i té una gran incidència a Sud Amèrica i Orient Mitjà. Aquest descobriment, publicat a la revista Nature, permetrà avançar en la creació de fàrmacs i en el disseny de vacunes per combatre aquesta malaltia. A Barcelona, les investigacions han tingut lloc a l’Hospital Clínic a partir d’un malalt afectat per la variant de la malària causada pel Plasmodium Vivax.
Centre d’Investigació en Salut Internacional de Barcelona
http://www.cresib.cat/ca/page.asp?id=1
Traduction - anglais A forum on Accessible Technological Solutions for SMEs to be held to foster the transfer of technology to industry
The event will be held on Monday 13th October at the Vallès Technology Park
The forum Accessible Technological Solutions for SMEs will take place on Monday 13th October, organized by the Catalan Foundation for Research and Innovation, the Vallès Technology Park and the Catalonia Investment Agency ACC1Ó (CIDEM-COPCA), and supported by the Federation of Catalan Chemical Industries (Fedequim). The main aim of the Forum is to make available to small and medium-sized companies the technological innovations being produced by Catalan research centres in the field of sustainable chemical products.
Six of these research centres will give a presentation concerning new technologies that they have developed and which have practical applications in the commercial world. Chief among these are projects dealing with obtaining new micro- and nano-structural materials; the use of supercritical CO2 for the formation of particles; soft ceramics; and new applications of glycerine. The presentations about these real-life cases will be accompanied by an in-depth debate about the relationship between universities and the business world, and new methods of collaboration will also be examined, such as for example the outsourcing of companies’ R D projects to public and private sector research centres.
This will be the fourth forum held under the title Accessible Technological Solutions for SMEs, and the event wishes to present itself as a forum for debate and communication between the worlds of research and of business so as to encourage the transfer of technological expertise.
http://www.fcr.es
Barcelona scientists help to identify a parasite that carries malaria
The project concerned, conducted by an international research group, will appear in the journal "Nature"
Scientists from the International Health Research Centre in Barcelona (CRESIB) have participated in the research being conducted by an international team which has succeeded in identifying the genome of a parasite that carries the malaria infection. The parasite in question is Plasmodium Vivax, one of four that can transmit the disease, and which had been overlooked by scientists given that the variety of malaria it transmits is not fatal. Despite this fact, this parasite is nevertheless highly infectious and is very common is South America and the Middle East. The group’s discovery, details of which are published in the journal Nature, will make it possible to progress in the process of creating drugs and in the designing of vaccines to fight the disease. The research in Barcelona took place at the city’s Clinical Hospital, through observation of a patient affected by the variety of malaria caused by Plasmodium Vivax.
Barcelona International Health Research Centre (CRESIB)
http://www.cresib.cat/ca/page.asp?id=1
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Expérience
Années d'expérience en traduction : 20. Inscrit à ProZ.com : Mar 2009.
espagnol vers anglais (Cambridge University (Lang. Degrees)) français vers anglais (Cambridge University (Lang. Degrees)) catalan vers anglais (Cambridge University (Lang. Degrees))
Affiliations
N/A
Logiciels
Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, STAR Transit, Trados Studio
TRANSLATION OF SPANISH, FRENCH AND CATALAN INTO ENGLISH
* I am a British-born translator based in Girona (Spain), but also regularly spend time in southern France.
* I have 11 years' intensive experience as a full-time translator for the above language pairs, working in a very wide range of subject fields.
* My main fields of specialization include:
- Business, Accountancy and Auditing, Advertising and Public Relations, Finance, Law, Contracts and Patents;
- Technology and Innovation, Mechanical, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary, Boats and Shipping;
- Tourism, Food and Wine, History, Art, Literature and Culture.
* My priority in my translations is to produce accurate content in language which is both clear and natural.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
* M.A. Degree in Modern Languages from the University of Cambridge, with specialization in French, Spanish and Catalan.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE AS A TRANSLATOR
* Since starting to work as a full-time translator in June 2006, I have translated an average of about 45,000 words per month, giving a total of more than 5,000,000 words translated during this period. Since January 2009: Freelance Translator (Spanish/French/Catalan to English)
Documents translated recently include:
* Full company detailed annual Statement of Accounts and Balance Sheet, together with accompanying management and auditors' reports;
* Contracts for the entry of new partners into a limited liability company;
* Publicity and public relations material for a brand of clothing. June 2006 - Dec. 2008: Idiomatic Language Services, S.L., Girona (Spain)
Principal In-house Translator (Spanish/French/Catalan to English)
Extremely wide range of subject fields, including the following:
* Business, Luxury Products, Administrative, Accountancy, Audits, Statistics, Legal, Contracts, Property, Journalism, Cultural, Tourism, Food, Wine, Sailing;
* Legalized translations of certificates and diplomas;
* Scientific, Technical, Mechanical, Innovation, Information Technology, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary.
PREVIOUS PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
* I have lived between Spain and France for over 20 years, working at different times as a translator, as a language teacher or as an administrative and commercial manager.
* I also spent several years in northern Italy, and plan to refresh my Italian in the near future to resume translating from Italian into English.
* After university, I initially worked in London for the British civil service before working for a container shipping company in both London and Paris.
Mots clés : Spanish, French, Catalan, commercial, contracts, accountancy, audits, patents, tourism, wine. See more.Spanish,French,Catalan,commercial,contracts,accountancy,audits,patents,tourism,wine,food,medical,pharmaceutical,veterinary,technology,innovation, boats,transport,shipping,journalism,culture,history. See less.
