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français vers anglais: Socio-Economic Development in Tudor England General field: Sciences sociales Detailed field: Histoire
Texte source - français Leur chance a été de régner dans une époque favorisée par une série de facteurs positifs. Après les pestes, et avec la menace chronique de l'épidémie, la population se relève progressivement. Elle passe de moins de 3 millions à plus de 4 millions d'habitants au XVIe siècle. Dans le domaine industriel, on vit l'âge d'une réglementation, la politique économique des Tudor est destinée à aider les producteurs. L'Angleterre favorise les échanges, stimule la production et encourage les producteurs. La demande extérieure en produits métalliques et en laine s'additionne à la poussée de consommation interne.
Le succès des idées de réformes à un changement préalable de la société a permis à la gentry et aux yeomen de participer aux mutations. Les souverains ont apporté leur contribution à l'essor économique. Ils ont pratiqué un mercantilisme intelligent. Henri VII fait voter les premiers Actes de Navigation en faveur des navires marchands anglais, pousse au commerce avec la Méditerranée, et encourage l'exploration maritime. Ses successeurs suivent son exemple et au temps d'Elizabeth des chartes sont octroyées à des compagnies de commerce et de colonisation.
Les Tudor veulent faire triompher "une bonne monnaie", instrument d'échanges accrus. De ce fait, l'essor économique contribue à la popularité de la dynastie. La période d'Elizabeth est parfois considérée comme une révolution industrielle avec le grand essor des mines de charbon, d'étain, de plomb et la production textile croissante. Cette époque est marquée par un flux remarquable de richesses qui contribue au développement des villes.
Pendant cette période, l'impôt n'a pas tué la prospérité, en partie parce que la Réforme religieuse a connu la confiscation des biens de l'Eglise. La monarchie a couvert nombre de ses besoins sans avoir recours exagérément à la fiscalité. Une immense mutation foncière a ainsi servi les intérêts de l'Etat. Siècle de l'ouverture vers le grand large, l'âge des Tudor est donc évidemment celui de la grande révolution religieuse (...)
Traduction - anglais They were fortunate enough to reign during a period favoured by a series of positive factors. Following pestilence and the chronic threat of epidemics, the population recovered steadily. It went from under 3 to over 4 million inhabitants in the 16th century. In the industrial field it was a time of controls, with Tudor economic policy aimed at assisting producers: England placed the emphasis on trade, stimulated production and encouraged these producers. An upsurge in internal consumption was supplemented by external demand for metal and wool products.
The success of ideas for a preliminary reform of society allowed the gentry and yeomanry to be a part of this change. Sovereigns made their contribution to the rapid economic expansion through the practice of a well-informed mercantilism. Henry VII had the first Navigation Acts voted in favour of English merchant vessels, pushed for trade with the Mediterranean countries and encouraged maritime exploration. His successors followed his example and in Elizabethan times charters were granted to commercial and colonisation companies.
The Tudors wanted to bring about the prevalence of "a sound currency" as an instrument of increased trade. For this reason, rapid economic expansion contributed to the dynasty's popularity. The Elizabethan period is sometimes looked on as an industrial revolution, since it was accompanied by a great rise in the number of coal, tin and lead mines along with growing textile production. This period is marked by a remarkable influx of wealth contributing to urban development.
Taxation did not kill off prosperity during this period, partly because the Reformation saw the confiscation of Church property and the monarchy was consequently able to cover a number of its needs without resorting to excessive levying. A vast, in-depth change thus came to serve the interests of the State. Situated in a century looking to the wide-open seas, the Tudor period was therefore evidently one of great religious transformation (...)
français vers anglais (IoL (MODULE IV DIPLOMA), verified)
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Bio
Having studied the French language and literature at The Polytechnic of North London from 1973-1977, I was employed in The Modern Languages Resources Centre at Christchurch College (Canterbury, 1985) as assistant to the Assistant Head of Modern Languages for Kent schools.
In 2000, I obtained an Institute of Linguists MODULE IV standalone Diploma focussed on French-to-English translation and translation editing (correction).
I started working professionally from my home office as a freelancer in 2001 and have been called upon to translate a wide variety of documents written in French into appropriate styles and registers of the English language.
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Total des points gagnés: 53 Points de niveau PRO: 49
