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espagnol vers anglais: Kinetic of Enzymatic Reactions Page 1
Texte source - espagnol FUNDAMENTOS DE CINÉTICA DE REACCIONES ENZIMÁTICAS
Dra. María de los Angeles Chávez Planes
MSc. Omar Gutiérrez Arenas
Centro de Estudio de Proteínas. Facultad de Biología.
Universidad de la Habana. Cuba
INTRODUCCION
Las enzimas son las proteínas que tienen la capacidad de catalizar con extraordinaria eficiencia y especificidad todo el espectro de reacciones químicas que constituyen la base dinámica de la vida. Las enzimas por tanto, realizan la función más básica y universal en todos los seres vivos. Esta función catalítica, aunque sometida a las mismas leyes naturales que rigen el funcionamiento del resto de los catalizadores, se diferencia en base a una serie de propiedades como la eficiencia, la diversidad y especificidad de la catálisis, así como la capacidad de estas biomoléculas de regular su propia actividad catalítica.
La eficiencia de las reacciones catalizadas por enzimas es extraordinaria, en tanto los incrementos de velocidad alcanzados son del orden de 1010 - 1020 veces, mucho más altos que para otros catalizadores. Estas reacciones transcurren en condiciones relativamente suaves, temperaturas por debajo de 100 0C, presión atmosférica y valores de pH cercanos a la neutralidad. Debido a la especificidad de acción de las enzimas, tan sólo determinados sustratos pueden ser transformados y únicamente tiene lugar un tipo de reacción; no ocurren reacciones colaterales ni se originan subproductos en el proceso. Por esta razón las reacciones enzimáticas tienen un alto rendimiento. Estas características no se presentan en ningún catalizador no biológico.
La acción catalítica de las enzimas es regulable, pues están sujetas a controles de diferente naturaleza, que pueden ir desde un control genético a nivel de la síntesis de la proteína enzimática, hasta la regulación de la actividad por cambios conformacionales reversibles de la molécula de la enzima, debido a señales específicas. Esto permite que la velocidad de las reacciones enzimáticas pueda variar en un amplio rango de acuerdo a las condiciones celulares. Por otra parte, las enzimas catalizan un amplio espectro de tipos de reacciones. Su versatilidad, en este sentido, hace posible que en una célula puedan ocurrir reacciones de diferente naturaleza: hidrolíticas, oxidativas, transferencias de grupos, entre otras.
La teoría acerca de la catálisis enzimática debe explicar estas características. En las reacciones catalizadas por enzimas disminuye la energía de activación y aumenta la probabilidad de una orientación adecuada de los reactivos, factores que actúan conjuntamente y producen velocidades mayores. Cualquier reacción química va acompañada de un cambio energético continuo. El estado inicial es el estado de menos energía y el más estable, donde las longitudes, ángulos de enlace y distribución electrónica de los reaccionantes tienen valores de equilibrio. Estos parámetros se distorsionan a medida que la reacción procede y como consecuencia, la energía aumenta.
Traduction - anglais KINETICS OF ENZYMATIC REACTIONS BASIS
Dr. María de los Angeles Chávez Planes
M. Sc. Omar Gutiérrez Arenas
Protein Study Centre. Biology Faculty.
Habana University. Cuba.
INTRODUCTION
Enzymes are proteins that have the capacity of catalyzing, with extraordinary efficiency and specificity, the complete spectrum of chemical reactions constituting the dynamic basis of live. Enzymes therefore, accomplish the most universal and basic functions in all living creatures. This catalytic function, although submitted to the same natural laws that control the functioning of the rest of the catalyzers, is differentiated in a series of properties such as efficiency, diversity and specificity of the catalysis, as well as in the capacity of these biomolecules to regulate their own catalytic activity.
The efficiency of enzyme catalyzed reactions is extraordinary, whereas the rate increase reached is in the order of 1010 - 10 20 times, higher than for other catalyzers. These reactions pass in relatively mild conditions, temperatures below 1000C, atmospheric pressure and pH values near neutrality. Due to the action specificity of the enzymes, only specific substrates can be transformed, and only one type of reaction takes place; there are no side reactions or byproducts created in the process. For this reason the enzymatic reactions give a great yield. These characteristics are not present in any non-biological catalyzer.
The enzyme catalytic action is regulated, submitted to controls of different nature, that go from the genetic control at the enzymatic protein synthesis, up to the activity regulation caused by reversible conformational changes of the enzyme molecule, due to specific signals. This allows a wide variation of the range rate according to the cellular conditions. On the other hand, enzymes catalyze a wide spectrum of reaction types. Their versatility, in this sense, allows the possibility that in a cell, reactions of different natures can occur, such as: hydrolytic, oxidative, group transfers, among others.
The enzymatic catalysis theory should explain these characteristics. In the reactions catalyzed by enzymes the activation energy diminishes, and the probability of an adequate orientation of the reagents increases; these factors work at the same tine and produce higher rates. Any chemical reaction is accompanied by a continuous energetic change. The initial state is more stable and has less energy, where the longitudes, bond angles and electronic distribution of the reactants have equilibrium values. These parameters are distorted as long as the reaction takes place, and as a consequence, the energy is increased. In the transition state the energetic content of the system reaches a maximum. As long as the reaction goes on, the energy of the system diminishes until it reaches a minimum. The energy necessary for the reaction to occur. i..e., to achieve the transition state, is the activation energy, represented by the difference between the initial state of the reaction and the transition state. Catalyzers increase the rates of the reactions, diminishing this activation energy.
espagnol vers anglais: Interviews
Texte source - espagnol El Diccionario de la Lengua Española reconoce la validez de escribir sarpullido o salpullido, y con una definición del término a todas luces incompleta dice que es una "erupción leve y pasajera en el cutis, formada por muchos granitos o ronchas". El origen de la palabra, precisa, es gallego-portugués. Ahondando en las raíces del vocablo, María Moliner, en su afamado diccionario (versión electrónica, 1996), las sitúa con esta expresión: "Quizás del latín serpúsculus, de sérpere, propagarse".
Precisiones idiomáticas aparte, lo cierto es que en los meses de inclemente verano -en el eterno verano en que vive nuestro país--, el sarpullido parece despertar interés, al menos por las no pocas cartas que han llegado a la redacción, incluidas las de algunas madres preocupadas por el sarpullido en los bebés. Esta es la razón por la cual, aunque ofrecemos un panorama general de la entidad, hemos invitado a una dermatóloga pediatra.
Sumido en las asépticas definiciones de los textos, quise poner en letra viva el tema de nuestra consulta. ¿Qué es en verdad el sarpullido?, pregunté a la profesora Josefina de la Moneda Pire, jefa del Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler, quien no oculta su orgullo ni amor por la profesión cuando dice que "llevo 30 años dedicada a la especialidad".
Cuando se produce un aumento del sudor -explica con sencillez-, éste se retiene en los conductos de las glándulas sudoríparas e impide su secreción normal. Esta presión ocasiona la ruptura de los conductos y el taponamiento de los poros, lo que provoca la inflamación de la piel y una picazón intensa.
Esta alteración se denomina miliaria rubra o roja, que no es más que lo que conocemos como sarpullido o salpullido, y es su forma clínica más común, aclara la doctora De la Moneda.
Traduction - anglais Spanish Language Dictionary recognizes the validity of writing in spanish either sarpullido o salpullido, and defines this term incompletely saying that is "a slight and passing skin eruption, formed by many spots or swellings". The precise origin of the word is Galician-Portuguese. Going deep into the word roots, María Moliner, in her famous dictionary (electronic version, 1996), locates them within this expression: "Maybe of the latin serpúsculus, of sérpere, to spread".
Aside idiomatic precissions, the fact is that in the months of harsh summer- in the overlasting summer that our country lives –rash seems to arouse interest, at least for the amount of setter that arrived to the editorial office, including those of some mothers worried by their babies rash. This is the reason why, even though we are offering a general view of it, we have invited to a paediatric dermatologist.
Plunged in the text aseptic definitions, I wanted to put in live letters the subject of our consultation. What is rash truly?, I asked professor Josefina de la Moneda Pire, head of the Dermatology Service of the Paediatric Hospital William Soler, that is not hiding from us her pride and love for the profession when she says "I’ve been 30 years devoted to this speciality".
When there is a rise in the amount of sweat – she explains plainly-, it is retained in the conducts of the sweat glands and prevents its normal secretion. This pressure causes the conducts break-up and the tamponage of the pores, causing skin immflamation and an intense itching.
This alteration is called miliaria rubra or red, it is not more than what is known as a rash or eruption, and it is the most common clinic form, as Doctor De la Moneda clarifies
espagnol vers anglais: Patent
Texte source - espagnol
8. Indicaciones:
Migraprecol: Profilaxis de la Migraña con aura y sin aura y algunas cefaleas crónicas que se hayan producido por abuso en el consumo de medicamentos.
9. Contraindicaciones:
Migraprecol: en pacientes con trastornos en la coagulación, pacientes alérgicos a plantas de la familia Asteraceae (Compositae).
10. Advertencias:
Migraprecol: No emplear conjuntamente con anticoagulantes. Puede causar reacciones alérgicas de sensibilización en individuos sensibles, se han reportado casos de dermatitis por contacto. Puede verse afectada la capacidad para conducir o controlar maquinaria pesada tras su administración.
11. Precauciones:
Migraprecol: No utilizar en el tratamiento de niños menores de 6 años. No debe usarse durante el embarazo debido a la presencia de alcaloides que pueden producir efectos adversos en el feto. No debe usarse durante la lactancia debido a la presencia de alcaloides que pueden acceder a la leche materna y producir efectos adversos en el lactante.
Traduction - anglais 8. Indications:
Migraprecol: Prophylaxis of the Migraine with aura and without aura and some chronic cephalea produced by the excess consumption of medicines.
9. Contraindications:
Migraprecol: patients with coagulation disorders, patients allergic to plants of the family Asteraceae (Compositae).
10. Warnings:
Migraprecol: Do not use together with anticoagulants. May cause sensibilization allergic reactions in sensible individuals, cases with contact dermatitis have been reported. The capacity for driving or controlling heavy machinery might be affected after its administration.
11. Precautions:
Migraprecol: Do not use this treatment in children under 6 years. It should not be used during pregnancy due to the alkaloids occurrence that may produce adverse effects on the fetus. It should not be used during breastfeeding due to the alkaloids occurrence that may accede to mother’s milk and produce adverse effects in the breast-fed infant.
anglais vers espagnol: Employee Handbook
Texte source - anglais 1. Health, Safety and Environment
The Company has identified “Safety” as its most important Key Value, and protecting the health and safety of its Employees and of third parties and the environment is of critical importance to DNL. It is the Company’s strategic objective to conduct its business activities so that no harm is caused to any person, property or the environment.
DNL would like its Employees to consider safety in everything that they do, both at work and outside of work. The Company has implemented and conducted training in various programs such as “Take 5” to increase Employee awareness of risks when conducting all aspects of Company operations. Thinking before acting allows tasks to be completed in a safe and efficient manner. DNL recognizes that a safe and healthy work environment is good business. It facilitates the performance of high quality work which results in better products and services to the customer.
It is the responsibility of every Director and Employee to support and comply with the Company’s health, safety and environmental policies as well as with applicable laws, regarding health, safety and the protection of the environment. Each Director and Employee is expected to act in a socially responsible manner and take the necessary precautions to protect themselves and others from potential risks or harm. This includes immediately reporting all accidents, injuries, non-compliance with Company policies, or other unsafe practices or conditions.
Failure to report a health, safety and environmental matter is a violation of Company policy and may result in potential risks to Employees, third parties and the environment. It may also lead to penalties and fines being assessed by regulatory agencies for such violations.
If an Employee believes in good faith that reporting a matter to the Employee’s supervisors or others, in accordance with normal Company reporting practices, would be ineffective or that appropriate action was not taken to respond adequately to an incident or existing condition, the Employee may report the matter directly to the Legal Department in the respective Business Unit in which they work or to the Company’s General Counsel. The matter may also be reported through the DNL Hotline (see Section 17.1).
Traduction - espagnol
1. Salud, Seguridad y Medio Ambiente
La Compañía ha identificado la “Seguridad” como su Valor Clave más importante y la protección de la salud y seguridad de sus Empleados y de terceras personas, así como del medio ambiente es de importancia crítica para la DNL. Es objetivo estratégico de la Compañía el llevar a cabo sus actividades comerciales de forma que no se cause daño a ninguna persona, propiedad o al medioambiente.
La DNL quisiera que sus Empleados tuvieran en cuenta la seguridad en todo lo que hagan tanto en el trabajo como fuera de él. La Compañía a implementado y llevado a cabo entrenamientos en diversos programas tales como el “Toma 5” para incrementar la atención de los Empleados de los riesgos que existen al llevar a cabo todos los aspectos de las operaciones de la Compañía. El pensar antes de actuar permite que las tareas se realicen en forma segura y eficiente. La DNL reconoce que un medioambiente de trabajo seguro y saludable es bueno para el negocio. Facilita la realización de trabajos de alta calidad lo cual redunda en mejores productos y servicios al cliente.
Es responsabilidad de cada Director y Empleado el apoyar y cumplimentar las políticas de salud, seguridad y del medio ambiente de la Compañía así como las leyes aplicables a la salud, seguridad y protección del medio ambiente. Se espera que cada Director y Empleado se comporte en forma socialmente responsable y tome las precauciones necesarias para protegerse a sí mismos y a otros de riesgos potenciales y de lesiones. Esto incluye el reporte inmediato de todos los accidentes, lesiones o faltas en la aplicación de las políticas de la Compañía, o cualquier otra práctica o condiciones inseguras.
El no reportar cualquier asunto que atañe a la salud, seguridad o al medio ambiente es una violación de las políticas de la Compañía y puede resultar en un riesgo potencial a los Empleados, terceras personas o al medio ambiente. También puede conllevar multas y cargos que serían evaluados por agencias reguladoras de estas violaciones.
Si un Empleado piensa de Buena fe que el reportar cualquier asunto a su supervisor o a otros, de acuerdo con las prácticas normales de reportar de la Compañía, fuera inefectivo o que no se tomó la acción apropiada para responder adecuadamente a un incidente o a una condición existente, el Empleado puede reportar el asunto directamente al Departamento Legal de la Unidad de Negocios en la cual trabaja o al consejo General de la Compañía. El asunto también puede ser reportado utilizando la Línea de Emergencia de la DNL (vea la Sección 17.1)
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Other - Havana University
Expérience
Années d'expérience en traduction : 56. Inscrit à ProZ.com : Feb 2006.
Auxiliar Professor of the Biochemistry and Genetics Departments, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry School and Biology Faculty, Havana University. 1971-1995
Specialist in the Commercial Department. Comercial Mercadú, S. A. 1995-1996
Bilingual Secretary in the Commercial Dept. and Business Centre. Meliá Cohiba Hotel. 1996-1997
Translator in Havana Hotel School. 1997
Bilingual Executive Secretary of the Dutch Management in the GoldenTulip Parque Central Hotel. 1998-
Visa Assistant. Consulate of United States of America Interest Section. Havana. 1998-2001
Embassy Secretary. Royal Norwegian Embassy. 2001-2003
Translator. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Asia Unit. 2003
Bilingual Executive Secretary of the NH Parque Central Hotel. 2003-2009
Free lance translator for YYZ Translations, Canadian translation agency, translations projects. English-Spanish. 2005
Free lance translator for several projects of Canada, Spain and UK (advertising, pharmacy and journalism) 2007
Free lance translator for All Languages, Canadian translation agency, various translations projects. English-Spanish. 2007
Free lance translator for Small World Language Services, Translation agency from Argentina, HR manuals. English-Spanish. 2007
Free lance translator for Epic translations, USA translation agency, proofreading of patient summaries and medicine translation projects. French-English. 2007
Free lance translator for Litero, Brazilian translation agency, patents, medicine translation projects. English-Spanish. 2007-2008
Free lance translator for KJ International, USA translation agency, translation of patents. English-Spanish. 2008
Free lance translator for 1World Translations, USA translation agency, technology translation projects, patient summaries, legal projects, divorce decrees. English-Spanish and Spanish-English. 2006-2009
Free lance translator for IDICT, Cuban translation agency, patents, medicine, insurance, finances and web pages translation projects. Spanish-English 2003-2010
Free lance translator for Byron Seminars LTD, Israel Translation Agency, patent. Spanish-English 2010
Proofreader for Atlantis groupe of France. Tourism. French-Spanish 2010
Free lance translator for Northern Universal Languages Ltd. of UK, British translation agency, medicine project, English-Spanish 2010
Free lance translator for S. Melling, ONG project, French-Spanish 2010
Free lance translator for CBG, consult, of Sweden, automotive project, English-Spanish 2010
Free lance translator for Global Vox, of Austria and Madrid, hydroponics’ project, English-Spanish. 2010
Free lance interpreter in the Pre-Congress Course of Hernia at the Surgery Congress 2010. French and English-Spanish 2010
Free lance interpreter and translator for BOAZ Corp. Tourism and technical and commercial offers. English-Spanish-English. 1998-2010
Free lance translator for Hospital M. Enríquez. Spanish-English scientific papers. 1996-2010
Free lance translator for Sajan, USA translation agency, translator for Best Buy, Johnson-Rauhoff and Jostens projects. TEP for Franklin Fueling Systems. English-Spanish. 2007-2011
Free lance translator for Lexcode Languages and Communication, Philippine translation agency, medicine projects, English-Spanish 2010-2011
Free lance translator for Link Translation-Language Solutions, Brazilian translation agency, proofreading and translations from Portuguese and English to Spanish, technical, mining and commercial offers, manuals, environmental reports and recipes. 2010-2011
Proofreader for Netzmarkt Internetservice GmbH & Co. KG., Gigajob Cuba. Spanish 2011
Free lance translator for Fmtranslations, England, French to English, Legal and Generics documents, Medical and Dentist resumés, Insurance claims, 2011
Proofreader for Trasatlantic Translations, of USA, linguistic check of words in Spanish 2011.
Free lance translator for btopenworld, of Great Britain, Legal and Generique words, English-Spanish, 2011
Free lance translator for DAT FRANCE of France, Legal, Portuguese-English, 2011
Free lance translator for STRAKER English-Spanish, 2011
Proofreader and editor for Martha Schwan of Brazil, Legal, Portuguese-English, 2011 (Never work for her she does not pay).
Free lance translator for Laura Ritenberga of Germany, Cosmetics, English-Spanish, 2011
Free lance translator for ALTUS, Mexican translation agency, technology, pharmacy translations projects. English and French to Spanish. 2003- 2012
Free lance translator for AAT, French translation agency, translation of technical, equipments, oenology and beverage projects. French-Spanish 2008-2012
Free lance translator for Asiastar International Consultancy, Singapur translation agency, translations of LACAC Civil Aviation Management Program, Overview of Safety Auditing, C.Vs., Presentation to ANC, CM 10 and of Evaluation Form. Proofreading of LACAC , LACACM and CAMIC and of Evaluation Form. Legal projects. CVs. Medical projects. English-Spanish-English. 2009-2012
Free lance translator for Plush Text Communications, of Canada, Medicine, English-Spanish 2011-2012.
Proofreader and localization for Ushuaia Solutions, of Argentina, Android phone, Spanish (Spain) – Spanish (Cuba), 2011-2012
Free lance translator for Skala Translation, of Mexico, Business, Spanish-English, 2012
Free lance translator for J. C. Guanche of Cuba, CV, Spanish-English, 2012
Free lance translator for XPressTranslate of USA, Cement, Spanish-English, 2012
Localization for TransPerfect of UK, Sports, Mx Spanish to Cuban Spanish, 2012
Localization for The Big Word of UK, Medical Instruments, English to LA Spanish, 2012
Proofreader for Valuepoint Knowledgeworks Pvt. Ltd. of India, Medicine, Pharmacy, English to Spanish, 2012
Free lance translator for Alessandra Pilotti of Italy, Energy, Italian to English, 2012. (Never work for her she does not pay).
Free lance translator for Diana Cedeño of Canada, Translation for a video, French to English, 2012
Free lance translator for Consultores Bilingües of USA, Switchboards, Spanish to English, 2012
Free lance translator for Alfredo Gutiérrez of Canada, Homologation document and technical- economical study, French to Spanish, 2013
Free lance translator for Axxia Technical Translations, of USA, Petroleum, PEMEX, Spanish to English, 2013
Free lance translator for Evoluz of Canada, Patents, Pharmacy, Medicine, Tourism, Visas, web sites, English-Spanish, Spanish-English, 2012-2013
Free lance translator for Blue Elephant of India, Cosmetics, Legal and Automotive, French-Spanish, French-English, Italian-English 2011- 2013
Free lance translator for Active Words of Portugal, Medicine, Medical Care, Portuguese-English, 2012-2013
Free lance translator for Latitude Prime of USA, Financing, Auditing, Portuguese-English, Kitchen and restaurants, French- English, 2013
I have worked as translator and interpreter in many meetings of North America-Cuba Scientific Exchange in the Havana University, as well as in Symposium, Conferences and Workshops.
I have directed the English Director Plan in the Biology Faculty.
I have been in the Jury for the State English Examination for the Biochemistry students of the Biology Faculty.
Mots clés : tourism, fast service, week ends service, medical, technical, pharmaceutical, biochemical, patents, telephone interpreter, conference interpreter. See more.tourism, fast service, week ends service, medical, technical, pharmaceutical, biochemical, patents, telephone interpreter, conference interpreter, chemistry, microbiology, children's books, human resources, medicine, engineering, advertising, journalism, . See less.
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CV/Resume (DOC)