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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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PCRSee Polymerase chain reaction. 
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PedigreeA diagram mapping the genetic history of a par- ticular family. 
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PersistenceAbility of an organism to remain in a particular setting for a period of time after it is introduced. 
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PesticideA substance that kills harmful organisms (for example, an insecticide or fungicide). 
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Phage (particle)See Bacteriophage. 
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PhenotypeThe observable characteristics of an organism, the expression of gene alleles (genotype) as an observable physical or biochemical trait 
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PheromoneA hormone-like substance that is secreted into the environment. 
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PhosphataseAn enzyme that hydrolyzes esters of phosphoric acid, removing a phosphate group. 
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Phosphodiester bondA bond in which a phosphate group joins adjacent carbons through ester linkages 
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PhospholipidA class of lipid molecules in which a phos- phate group is linked to glycerol and two fatty acyl groups 
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PhosphorylationThe addition of a phosphate group to a compound. 
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Physical mapA map showing physical locations on a DNA molecule, such as restriction sites, and sequence-tagged sites 
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Plant Pest Act (PPA)See U.S 
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Plant Variety Act (PVA)See U.S 
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PlaqueA clear spot on a lawn of bacteria or cultured cells where cells have been Iysed by viral infection. 
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Plasmid (p)A circular DNA molecule, capable of autonomous replication, which typically carries one or more genes encoding antibiotic resistance proteins 
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PleiotrophyThe effect of a particular gene on several different traits. 
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Point mutationA change in a single base pair of a DNA sequence in a gene 
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Poly(A) polymeraseCatalyzes the addition of adenine residues to the 3\' end of pre-mRNAs to form the poly(A) tail 
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisElectrophoresis through a matrix composed of a synthetic polymer, used to separate proteins, small DNA, or RNA molecules of up to 1000 nucleotides 
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Polyclonal antibodiesA mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen, each recognizing a different epitope. 
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PolygenicControlled by or associated with more than one gene. 
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PolylinkerA short DNA sequence containing several re- striction enzyme recognition sites that is contained in cloning vectors. 
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PolymerA molecule composed of repeated subunits. 
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Polymerase (DNA)Synthesizes a double-stranded DNA molecule using a primer and DNA as a template 
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)A procedure that en- zymatically amplifies a DNA polymerase 
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PolymorphismsVariant forms of a particular gene that occur simultaneously in a population. 
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PolynucleotideA DNA polymer composed of multiple nucleotides 
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Polypeptide (protein)A polymer composed of multiple amino acid units linked by peptide bonds. 
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PolyploidA multiple of the haploid chromosome number that results from chromosome replication without nuclear division. 
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PolysaccharideA polymer composed of multiple units of monosaccharide (simple sugar). 
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Polyvalent vaccineA recombinant organism into which has been cloned antigenic determinants from a number of different disease-causing organisms 
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PopulationA local group of organisms belonging to the same species and capable of interbreeding. 
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PPASee U.S 
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Primary cellA cell or cell line taken directly from a living organism, which is not immortalized. 
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PrimerA short DNA or RNA fragment annealed to single-stranded DNA, from which DNA polymerase extends a new DNA strand to produce a duplex molecule. 
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PrionSee Proteinaceous infectious particle. 
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ProbeA sequence of DNA or RNA, labeled or marked with a radioactive isotope, used to detect the presence of complementary nucleotide sequences 
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ProbeA single-stranded DNA that has been radioactively labeled and is used to identify complementary sequences in genes or DNA fragments of interest 
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ProkaryoteA bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand 
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PromoterA region of DNA extending 150-300 bp upstream from the transcription start site that contains binding sites for RNA polymerase and a number of protein 
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PronucleusEither of the two haploid gamete nuclei just prior to their fusion in the fertilized ovum. 
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ProteaseAn enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds that link amino acids in protein molecules. 
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ProteinA polymer of amino acids linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of two or more polypeptide chains 
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Protein kinaseAn enzyme that adds phosphate groups to a protein molecule at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues. 
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Proteinaceous infectious particle (prion)A proposed pathogen composed only of protein with no detectable nucleic acid and which is responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru in humans 
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ProteolyticThe ability to break down protein molecules. 
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Proto-oncogeneSee oncogene. 
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ProvirusSee virus. 
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Public Health Service ActSee Food and Drug Administration. 
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