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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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DNA fingerprintThe unique pattern of DNA fragments identified by Southern hybridization (using a probe that binds to a polymorphic region of DNA) or by polymerase ch 
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DNA ligaseSee Ligase. 
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DNA polymeraseSee Polymerase. 
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DNA polymeraseSee Polymerase. 
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DNA polymorphismOne of two or more alternate forms (alleles) of a chromosomal locus that differ in nucleotide sequence or have variable numbers of repeated nucleotide 
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DNA sequencingProcedures for determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment. 
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DNase (deoxyribonuclease)See Nuclease. 
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DominantAn allele is said to be dominant if it expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele 
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Dominant geneA gene whose phenotype is when it is present in a single copy. 
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Dominant(-acting) oncogeneA gene that stimulates cell proliferation and contributes to oncogenesis when present in a single copy 
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DormancyA period in which a plant does not grow, awaiting necessary environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, nutrient availability. 
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Double helixDescribes the coiling of the antiparallel strands of the DNA molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in which the paired bases form the steps and the 
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Double-stranded complementary DNA (dscDNA)A duplex DNA molecule copied from a cDNA template. 
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DownstreamThe region extending in a 3\' direction from a gene. 
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dscDNASee double-stranded complementary DNA. 
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Duplex DNADouble-stranded DNA. 
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EcologyThe study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other. 
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EcosystemThe organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them 
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ElectrophoresisThe technique of separating charged mol- ecules in a matrix to which is applied an electrical field 
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ElectroporationA method for transforrning DNA, especially useful for plant cells, in which high voltage pulses of electricity are used to open pores in cell membrane 
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EncapsidationProcess by which a virus\' nucleic acid is enclosed in a capsid 
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EndonucleaseSee Nuclease. 
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EndophyteAn organism that lives inside another. 
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)The U.S 
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EnzymesProteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions. 
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EPASee Environmental Protection Agency. 
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Escherichia coliA commensal bacterium inhabiting the human colon that is widely used in biology, both as a simple model of cell biochemical function and as a host for 
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Ethidium bromideA fluorescent dye used to stain DNA and RNA 
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EukaryoteAn organism whose cells possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound vesicles, including all members of the protist, fungi, plant and animal kingdoms; a 
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EvolutionThe long-term process through which a population of organisms accumulats genetic changes that enable its members to successfully adapt to environmenta 
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ExonA DNA sequence that is ultimately translated into protein 
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ExonucleaseSee Nuclease. 
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ExpressTo translate a gene\'s message into a molecular product. 
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Expression library(See Library.) 
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FDASee Food and Drug Administration. 
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)See Environmental Protection Agency. 
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Federal Plant Pest Act (PPA)See U.S 
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Federal Seed ActSee U.S 
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FIFRAThe Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act 
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Flanking regionThe DNA sequences extending on either side of a specific locus or gene. 
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)The U.S 
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActSee Food and Drug Administration. 
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FungicideAn agent, such as a chemical, that kills fungi. 
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FungusA microorganism that lacks chlorophyll. 
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Fusion geneA hybrid gene created by joining portions of two different genes (to produce a new protein) or by joining a gene to a different promoter (to alter or 
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GameteA haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome. 
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GEMA genetically engineered microorganism. 
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GeneA locus on a chromosome that encodes a specific protein or several related proteins 
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Gene amplificationThe presence of multiple genes 
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Gene cloningThe process of synthesizing multiple copies of a particular DNA sequence using a bacteria cell or another organism as a host 
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