fix and follow

********
CONCLUSION: More than 99% of the children examined had normal results. The majority of children could ***fix and follow ***from 2-3 months of age. The early ***fix and follow*** development may be related to better visual acuity. The interaction between father and child may be associated with eye development. However, eye screening of one-year-old children by assistant researchers may be inappropriate due to lack of expertise and experience.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681062

******
OBJECTIVE: To study ocular and nonocular signs of patients diagnosed as having "shaken baby syndrome" and determine prognostic indicators for vision and mortality. METHODS: Medical records of child abuse cases involving bilateral retinal hemorrhages were reviewed. Particular attention was paid to visual function and pupillary light reaction at the time of admission as well as the location of retinal hemorrhages, neuroimaging findings, ventilatory requirement, and associated skeletal injuries. These findings were correlated with visual prognosis and mortality. RESULTS: Thirty consecutive cases met the criteria for review. At the initial visit, mean age of the children was 9.3 months (range, 1-39 months) and 12 children (40%) had at least ****fix-and-follow vision****. Preretinal and intraretinal hemorrhages (93% [n = 28] and 100% [n = 30]) were more common than vitreous hemorrhage (10% [n = 3]). Subdural hematomas were detected in 21 patients (70%). Twenty children (67%) had seizures and 16 (53%) required ventilatory support; bruises and long bone fractures were seen in 14 (47%) and 4 (13%) children, respectively. Eight patients died. All patients with nonreactive pupils on presentation died, while all patients with a pupillary light reaction lived (P<.001). Six (86%) of 7 patients with midline shift died, whereas 21 (91%) of 23 with no midline shift lived (P<.001). At follow-up, retinal hemorrhages had resolved in nearly all children by 4 months, and 16 children (73%) had at least ***fix-and-follow vision***. Ventilatory requirement was associated with poorer vision (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Nonreactive pupils and midline shift of the brain structures correlate highly with mortality. Ventilatory requirement, but not visual acuity on presentation, predicts visual outcome.

http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/abstract.do?topicKe...

*************
Ability to fix and follow was tested by observing the ability of the infant to fix a target with black and white concentric circles with a diameter of 10 cm on a card of 15 cm ×15 cm at a distance of
30-50 cm and to follow it horizontally, vertically and in a full circle, looking for quality of pursuit. Acuity was assessed binocularly by means of the Teller acuity card procedure.15-17 This method is based on an inborn preference for a pattern (black and white gratings of different stripe widths) over a uniform field, depicted on cards with decreasing stripe widths. The location of the left/right position of the test stimulus varies randomly. An observer judges the infant’s reaction to the location of the test stimulus on the basis of eye and head movement. The threshold of acuity is taken as the minimum stripe width to which the subject consistently responds correctly.

Acuity values were expressed in minutes of arc (or cycles per degree) and were compared to age-specific normative data reported in the literature [18, 19].

http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/93/11/932
***********
注视反射和追随运动
http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&q=“注视反射和追随运动”&start=70...





--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 9 hrs (2009-03-25 12:17:50 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

奇怪，编写了好一大段，结果才出来这么少。

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 9 hrs (2009-03-25 12:19:26 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

编写了一大段，点击发表，结果出来才这么一些。其他都被“网站“吃掉了。