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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to French: Chapter 11. Outbreaks of disease General field: Medical
Source text - English Chapter 11. Outbreaks of disease
More chapters in Epidemiology for the uninitiated
Although communicable diseases have declined in industrialised societies, outbreaks of disease such as influenza, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis are still important. During the 1957-8 influenza epidemic, for example, the death rate in England and Wales was 1 per 1000 population above the seasonal average; an estimated 12 million people developed the disease; and the workload of general practitioners increased fivefold. From time to time new communicable diseases such as Lassa fever, legionnaires' disease, and, most recently, AIDS appear in epidemic form.
Communicable disease outbreaks
In outbreaks of common communicable diseases such as gastroenteritis and hepatitis appropriate investigations must be initiated. The routine for these investigations is also the model for studying non-infectious disease epidemics.
At the outset it is necessary to verify the diagnosis. Three patients with halothane induced hepatitis were referred to one university hospital. Investigation of an outbreak of infectious hepatitis was begun, presumably because the clustering of cases gave an impression of infectivity and unduly influenced the physician's diagnosis. With some diseases - Lassa fever, for example - urgency demands that immediate action is taken on the basis of a clinical diagnosis alone. But for most diseases there is less urgency and the doctor should remember that clusters of cases of uncommon noninfectious diseases sometimes occur in one place within a short time simply by chance.
From time to time errors in collecting, handling, or processing laboratory specimens may cause "pseudo epidemics". The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, have reported several such pseudo epidemics. In one, an apparent outbreak of typhoid occurred when specimen contamination produced blood cultures positive for Salmonella typhi in six patients.
If a disease is endemic (habitually present in a community) it is necessary to estimate its previous frequency and thereby confirm an increase in incidence above the normal endemic level.
Translation - French Chapitre 11. Epidémies
D’autres chapitres sur l’épidémiologie pour les non-initiés
Bien que les maladies contagieuses aient diminuées dans les sociétés industrialisées, les épidémies de maladies telles que la grippe, la gastro-entérite et l'hépatite restent importantes. Au cours de l'épidémie de grippe de 1957-1958, par exemple, le taux de mortalité en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles était de 1 pour 1000 habitants au-dessus de la moyenne saisonnière ; on estime que 12 millions de personnes ont développé la maladie ; et la charge de travail des médecins généralistes a quintuplé. De temps en temps, de nouvelles maladies transmissibles telles que la fièvre de Lassa, la légionellose et, plus récemment, le SIDA apparaissent sous forme épidémique.
Epidémies de maladies contagieuses et transmissibles
En cas d'épidémies de maladies courantes telles que la gastro-entérite (maladie contagieuse) et l'hépatite (maladie transmissible), des investigations appropriées doivent être conduite rapidement. Les différentes étapes de ces investigations suivent le même modèle que l’étude des épidémies de maladies non-infectieuses.
Il est nécessaire de vérifier le diagnostic dès le début. Trois patients atteints d'hépatite induite par l'halothane ont été admis dans un hôpital universitaire. Des mesures de contrôle ont été mises en place pour savoir s’il s’agissait d’une épidémie d'hépatite infectieuse, vraisemblablement parce que la concentration de cas suggérait une menace infectieuse et influençait indûment le diagnostic du médecin. Dans le cas de certaines maladies - la fièvre de Lassa, par exemple – qui comporte un risque épidémique important, des mesures d’urgence doivent être prises immédiatement à la suite d’un seul diagnostic clinique. Mais pour la plupart des maladies, il y a moins d'urgence et le médecin doit se rappeler qu’une concentration de cas de maladies non infectieuses rares surviennent parfois en un seul endroit en peu de temps simplement par hasard.
De temps en temps, des erreurs de prélèvements, de manipulations ou de traitements d’échantillons de laboratoire peuvent provoquer des « pseudo-épidémies ». Les « Centers for Disease Control » d'Atlanta (l’Institut de Veille Sanitaire) en Géorgie aux Etats-Unis ont signalé plusieurs pseudo-épidémies de ce type. Dans un cas, une épidémie de typhoïde a été détectée chez six patients lors de la contamination d’échantillons de cultures bactérienne de Salmonella typhi.
Si une maladie est endémique (habituelle dans une région déterminée), il est nécessaire d'estimer le taux d’incidence et de confirmer ainsi une augmentation du taux au-dessus du niveau endémique normal.
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Master's degree - Open University
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Years of experience: 5. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2018.
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I have perfected my trade studying an MA in translation, living and working in the UK. Finding the right word in French or in English has been part of my everyday life for the last 25 years. During my years spent teaching French, I came to appreciate the extent to which the student and therefore the client was the key to success, and I now apply this principle to my translation work.
I have worked as a copywriter for an Italian company, completing project for eBay.fr, and Facebook for an Italian company. I have also carried out several translations of monographs on different specialised subjects such as infectious diseases, Aloe Vera and implication of violence in the work place...
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