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Spanish to Basque - Rates: 0.06 - 0.08 EUR per word / 25 - 30 EUR per hour
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Sample translations submitted: 1
English to Basque: Effective language policy-making for language revitalisation: What might it look like? General field: Other Detailed field: Linguistics
Source text - English Effective language policy-making for language revitalisation: What might it look like?
Julia Sallabank
Lecturer in Language Support and Revitalisation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Abstract
This paper considers what effective policy-making for endangered languages might look like. It discusses issues relevant to language revitalisation such as definitions, aims, methods and challenges, and possible criteria for evaluating outcomes. It aims to contribute to the understanding of what it means to ‘save a language’, and thus to the effectiveness of language revitalisation, however it may be defined.
The paper examines examples of language-related activities and discusses their rationale and outcomes, focusing on case studies from the Channel Islands and Isle of Man (small polities in the British Isles). In all these islands, the indigenous languages declined in use in the 20th century, but in the last 30 years language has increasingly been seen as a valuable marker of distinctiveness, leading to a degree of government support and increased visibility, However, this revalorisation does not necessarily entail increased use or fluency.
In the Channel Islands, indigenous languages have not been adopted into the official school curriculum, and revitalisation efforts so far have not yet produced fluent new speakers. By comparison, in the Isle of Man, the last speaker of Manx died in 1974, but the language now enjoys considerable public support and there is a Manx-medium school. Despite this apparent success, there are ongoing concerns regarding the sustainability of language revitalisation.
Grenoble and Whaley (2006: ix) point out that due to differences in circumstances it is impossible to make blanket statements about how language revitalisation should be carried out. That is not the aim of this paper either. I attempt instead to address what it means to ‘save a language’, with particular reference to what it means to people involved – and affected – in the specific contexts of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. However, by reflecting on the findings in the light of theoretical concepts and frameworks such as language ideologies, as well as findings elsewhere, I hope that the insights gained will be of use to people involved and affected in language revitalisation efforts in other contexts too.
Translation - Basque Hizkuntzaren biziberritzerako politika eraginkorra: nolakoa izan liteke?
Julia Sallabanck
Hizkuntzenganako Babesa eta Biziberritze ataleko irakaslea. Ekialdeko eta Afrikako Ikasketa Eskola. London Unibertsitatea
Laburpena
Lan honek galzorian dauden hizkuntzen politika eraginkorrak nolakoak izan litezkeenaren inguruan hausnartzen du. Horrez gain, hizkuntzaren biziberritze-gaiak lantzen ditu, besteak beste, definizioak, helburuak, metodoak eta erronkak, eta emaitzak ebaluatzeko irizpide posibleak planteatzen. Lanak duen helburua “hizkuntza bat salbatzeak” eta hizkuntza biziberritzearen eraginkortasunak zer esan nahi duen ulertzen laguntzea da.
Lanak hizkuntzarekin lotura duten jarduerak aztertzen ditu eta beren funtsezko arrazoiak eta ondorioak azaltzen, bi ikerketa-kasuetan oinarrituz: Kanaletako uharteak eta Man uhartea (Britainiar uharteen mende dauden gobernu sistema txikiak). Uharte horietan guztietan, bertako hizkuntzen erabilerak behera egin zuen XX. mendean, baina azken 30 urteotan hizkuntza bereizgarritasun-marka baliotsu gisa ikusten da. Eta horrek laguntza publiko eta ikusgarritasun handiagora eraman ditu hizkuntzak. Hala ere, balio-handitze horrek ez du ekarri, halabeharrez, erabilera areagotzea edo hizkuntzak menderatzea.
Kanaletako uharteetan, bertako hizkuntzak ez daude ikasketa-planetan, eta biziberritze-ahaleginek ere ez dute oraindik hizkuntza menderatzen duen hiztunik eman. Nolanahi ere, Man uhartean, manxerako azken hiztuna 1974an hil zen arren, hizkuntzak gaur egun laguntza publiko handia du, eta gainera, manxeraz erakusten den eskola bat dago. Nahiz eta hori lortu duten, oraindik hizkuntza biziberritzearen iraunkortasunari dagozkien kezkak egon badaude.
Grenoble-k eta Whaley-k (2006: ix) egoeren arteko desberdintasunak direla-eta azaltzen dute ezinezkoa dela adierazpen orokorrak egitea, hizkuntzaren biziberritzea nola egin beharko litzatekeenaren inguruan. Eta hori ere, ez da lan honen helburua. Horren ordez, “hizkuntza salbatzeak” zer esan nahi duen erantzuten ahaleginduko naiz, bereziki, Kanaletako uharteetako eta Man uharteko pertsonengan arreta berezia ipiniz. Hala ere, kontzeptu eta esparru teorikoen emaitzetan islatuz -besteak beste, hizkuntza ideologietan-, eta baita bestelako emaitzetan ere, espero dut azaldutako ideiak baliagarriak izatea hizkuntzaren biziberritzeak eragiten dien pertsonentzat.
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - Grado en Traducción e Interpretación
Experience
Years of experience: 6. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2016.
