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Sample translations submitted: 1
Spanish to English: El impacto de la ansiedad competitiva en el rendimiento de jóvenes nadadores General field: Science Detailed field: Science (general)
Source text - Spanish La ansiedad competitiva es un tema de investigación común y muy relevante en la psicología del deporte (Duda y Hall, 2001; Hanton, Neil, y Mellalieu, 2008), sobre todo por su influencia sobre el rendimiento de los deportistas en la competición.
La reacción de ansiedad es un estado emocional negativo caracterizado por altos niveles de activación del sistema nervioso autónomo, tensión, preocupación, y cogniciones auto-orientadas que pueden alterar procesos atencionales y otras funciones cognitivas (Cervantes, Rodas y Capdevila, 2009; Smith, 2008; Smith, Smoll y Passer, 2002).
Estas respuestas dependen fundamentalmente de la percepción del deportista de una situación como desafiante, potencialmente peligrosa o dañina (Smith, 1989).
En el campo específico deportivo, la definición de ansiedad se ha ampliado estableciendo dos niveles de respuesta, que son la ansiedad cognitiva y la somática (Ramis, Torregrosa, Viladrich y Cruz, 2010; Weinberg y Gould, 2010).
Actualmente, se sabe que ambas afectan al rendimiento deportivo de forma diferente (Garcia-Mas et al., 2011).
La ansiedad somática está constituida por cambios en el sistema nervioso autónomo: aceleración del ritmo cardíaco y respiratorio; vasoconstricción periférica y palidez; sudoración; movimientos gástricos e hipertonía muscular.
Este componente físico de la ansiedad es el resultante directo del incremento de la activación fisiológica (Cheng, Hardy y Markland, 2009).
Manifestaciones psicológicas como el miedo, pánico, alarma, inquietud, aprensiones, obsesiones, cambios atencionales y desconcentración o pensamientos intrusivos de tipo catastrófico (Cervelló, Santos-Rosa, Jiménez, Nerea y García, 2002) constituyen la ansiedad cognitiva, que a su vez se desdobla en dos componentes (Smith, Smoll y Schultz, 1990).
El primero es la preocupación o inquietud respecto a las consecuencias potencialmente negativas asociadas a un mal rendimiento. El segundo es la desconcentración, es decir, la dificultad del deportista para focalizarse en los aspectos claves de la tarea a realizar y que impide pensar con claridad durante la competición (Grossbard, Smith, Smoll y Cumming, 2009).
Ambos enfoques, somático y cognitivo, se entienden en la actualidad modulados por la interpretación que de ellos hace el deportista, y que incluso puede creer beneficiosa para su rendimiento (Montero, Moreno, González, Ponce, Pulido y Cervelló, 2012).
Sin embargo, se sabe que el componente direccional de la ansiedad depende de diversos factores, tales como los antecedentes y patrones temporales de respuesta a la ansiedad, la naturaleza de la competición (Hanton, Jones y Mullen, 2000) y de la ansiedad rasgo en función del sexo y la habilidad técnica del deportista (Tsopani, Dallas y Skordilis, 2011).
Translation - English Competitive anxiety is a common research topic very relevant in the psychology of sport (Duda & Hall, 2001; Hanton, Neil, and Mellalieu, 2008), especially its influence on the performance of athletes in competition.
The anxiety reaction is a negative emotional state characterized by high activation levels of the autonomic nervous system, stress, worry, and auto-oriented cognition that can alter attentional processes and other cognitive functions (Cervantes, Rhodes and Capdevila, 2009, Smith, 2008, Smith, Smoll and Passer, 2002).
These responses depend critically on the athlete's perception of a situation as challenging, potentially dangerous or harmful (Smith, 1989).
Specifically in the arena of sports, the definition of anxiety has expanded by establishing two levels of response, which are cognitive and somatic anxiety (Ramis, Torregrosa, Viladrich and Cruz, 2010; Weinberg and Gould, 2010).
Currently, it is known that each affects athletic performance differently (Garcia-Mas et al., 2011).
Somatic anxiety is constituted by changes in the autonomic nervous system: acceleration of cardiac and respiratory rhythms; peripheral vasoconstriction and pallor; sweating; gastric movements; and muscle hypertonia.
This physical component of anxiety is the direct result of increased physiological arousal (Cheng, Hardy and Markland, 2009).
Psychological manifestations such as fear, panic, alarm, restlessness, apprehensions, obsessions, attentional and concentrational changes or catastrophic type intrusive thoughts (Cervello, Santos-Rosa Jimenez, Nerea and Garcia, 2002) make up cognitive anxiety, which in turn is split into two components (Smith, Smoll and Schultz, 1990)
The first is the preoccupation or worry regarding the potential negative consequences associated with a poor performance. The second is lack of distraction, i.e., the difficulty of the athlete to focus on the key aspects of the task and that prevents clear thinking during the competition (Grossbard, Smith, Smoll and Cumming, 2009).
Both approaches, somatic and cognitive, are now understood to be modulated by their interpretation by the athlete, who may even believe them to be beneficial to his performance (Montero Moreno, Gonzalez, Ponce, Pulido and Cervello, 2012)
However, it is known that the directional component of anxiety depends on various factors, such as the preceding and temporal patterns of response to the anxiety, the nature of the competition (Hanton, Jones and Mullen, 2000) and of trait anxiety as a function of the gender and technical skill of the athlete (Tsopani, Dallas and Skordilis, 2011).
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